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William J. Casey

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"William Casey" redirects here. For other people, see William Casey (disambiguation).
William J. Casey
13th Director of Central Intelligence
In office
January 28, 1981 – January 29, 1987
PresidentRonald Reagan
DeputyFrank Carlucci
Bobby Ray Inman
John N. McMahon
Robert Gates
Preceded byStansfield Turner
Succeeded byWilliam H. Webster
Chairman and President of the Export–Import Bank of the United States
In office
March 14, 1974 – January 2, 1976
PresidentRichard Nixon
Gerald Ford
Preceded byHenry Kearns
Succeeded byStephen M. DuBrul Jr.
5th Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs
In office
February 2, 1973 – March 14, 1974
PresidentRichard Nixon
Preceded byThomas C. Mann
Succeeded byCharles W. Robinson
Chair of the Securities and Exchange Commission
In office
April 14, 1971 – February 2, 1973
PresidentRichard Nixon
Preceded byHamer H. Budge
Succeeded byG. Bradford Cook
Personal details
Born
William Joseph Casey

(1913-03-13)March 13, 1913
New York City, U.S.
DiedMay 6, 1987(1987-05-06) (aged 74)
Roslyn Harbor, New York, U.S.
Political partyRepublican
SpouseSophia Kurz
Children1
Education
Military career
AllegianceUnited States
Service / branchUnited States Navy
Years of service1943–1946
RankLieutenant
UnitUnited States Naval Reserve, Office of Strategic Services
Battles / warsWorld War II
AwardsBronze Star Medal

William Joseph Casey (March 13, 1913 – May 6, 1987) was an American lawyer who was the Director of Central Intelligence from 1981 to 1987. In this capacity he oversaw the entire United States Intelligence Community and personally directed the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).[1][2][3][4]

Early life and education

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A native of the Elmhurst section of Queens, New York, Casey was raised as a Roman Catholic in Bellmore, New York and graduated from the Jesuit-affiliated Fordham University in 1934. He continued his education at other Catholic institutions, completing graduate work at the Catholic University of America before earning an LL.B. from St. John's University School of Law in 1937. He was of Irish ancestry.[5]

Career

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Early career

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Following his admission to the bar, he was a partner in the New York–based Buckner, Casey, Doran and Siegel from 1938 to 1942. Concurrently, as chairman of the board of editors of the Research Institute of America (1938–1949),[6] Casey initially conceptualized the tax shelter and "explained to businessmen how little they need[ed] to do in order to stay on the right side of New Deal regulatory legislation."[7]

World War II & OSS

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During World War II, he worked for the Office of Strategic Services, where he became head of its Secret Intelligence Branch in Europe.[4][8] He served in the United States Naval Reserve until December 1944 before remaining in his OSS position as a civilian until his resignation in September 1945; as an officer, he attained the rank of lieutenant and was awarded the Bronze Star Medal for meritorious achievement.

Postwar business and government career

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Following the dissolution of the OSS in September 1945, Casey returned to his legal and business ventures. After serving as a special counsel to the United States Senate (1947–1948) and associate general counsel to the Point Four Program (1948),[6] Casey founded the Institute for Business Planning in 1950; there, he amassed much of his early wealth (compounded by investments) by writing early data-driven publications on business law.[9] He was a lecturer in tax law at the New York University School of Law from 1948 to 1962.[6] From 1957 to 1971, he was a partner at Hall, Casey, Dickler & Howley, a New York corporate law firm, under the auspices of founding partner and prominent Republican politician Leonard W. Hall.[6] He ran as a Republican for New York's 3rd congressional district in 1966, but was defeated in the primary by former Congressman Steven Derounian.[10]

Nixon & Ford administrations

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He served in the Nixon administration as the chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission from 1971 to 1973;[4][11] this position led to his being called as a prosecution witness against former Attorney General John N. Mitchell and former Commerce Secretary Maurice Stans in an influence-peddling case stemming from international financier Robert Vesco's $200,000 contribution to the Nixon reelection campaign.[12]

He then served as Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs (1973–1974)[4] and chairman of the Export-Import Bank of the United States (Eximbank) (1974–1976).[a] During this era, he was also a member of the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (1975–1976) and of counsel to Rogers & Wells (1976–1981).

Return to private work

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Casey returned to private law practice in 1976. With Antony Fisher, he co-founded the Manhattan Institute in 1978. Casey represented 117 clients from 1976 to 1981. Among Casey's clients were the governments of Indonesia and South Korea, which were then military dictatorships. Casey would fail to disclose his legal clients and finances from the 1970s to the U.S. Senate during his confirmation hearings to become Director of Central Intelligence.[28][29]

Reagan campaign and transition

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As campaign manager of Ronald Reagan's successful presidential campaign in 1980, Casey helped to broker Reagan's unlikely alliance with vice presidential nominee George H. W. Bush.[30]

Shortly before the final presidential debate on October 28, 1980, the Reagan campaign acquired President Jimmy Carter's briefing papers, classified top secret,[31] that Carter used in preparation for the debate. The importance of these documents is still subject to debate, but the leak of campaign papers was not divulged to the public until late June 1983. James Baker has claimed that he had received the briefing book from Casey, who vehemently denied this before his death.[32]

According to Ben Barnes, Casey met with Barnes and former Texas Governor John Connally in September 1980 to discuss Connally's trip to the Middle East. During the trip, Connally asked Arab leaders to convey to the Iranian government that Iran should wait to release American hostages until after the election of 1980 was concluded. Barnes claimed that Casey discussed with Connally if the Iranians "were going to hold the hostages," possibly corroborating the October Surprise theory. The hostages were released minutes after Reagan was inaugurated as president.[33]

Casey then served on the transition team following the election.

Director of Central Intelligence

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See also: Operation Cyclone and Bank of Credit and Commerce International
Official portrait of Casey as Director of Central Intelligence in 1981.

After Reagan took office, Reagan named Casey to the post of Director of Central Intelligence (DCI).[34] Outgoing Director Stansfield Turner characterized the appointment as the "Resurrection of Wild Bill," referring to Bill Donovan, the brilliant and eccentric head of Office of Strategic Services in World War II, whom Casey had known and greatly admired.[35]

Despite Casey's background in intelligence, the position was not his first choice; according to Rhoda Koenig, he only agreed to take the appointment after being assured that "he could have a hand in shaping foreign policy rather than simply reporting the data on which it was based."[7] Breaking precedent, Reagan elevated the role to a Cabinet-level position for the duration of Casey's appointment.[36]

Ronald Reagan used prominent Catholics in his government to brief Pope John Paul II of developments in the Cold War. Casey would fly secretly to Rome in a windowless C-141 black jet and "be taken undercover to the Vatican.[37]

Casey oversaw the re-expansion of the Intelligence Community to funding and human resource levels greater than those existing before the preceding Carter Administration; in particular, he increased levels within the CIA. During his tenure, post-Watergate and Church Committee restrictions were controversially lifted on the use of the CIA to directly and covertly influence the internal and foreign affairs of countries relevant to American policy.

This period of the Cold War saw an increase in the Agency's global, anti-Soviet activities, which started under the Carter Doctrine in late 1980.

Iran–Contra affair

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Plaque honoring Casey located in the CIA New Headquarters Building lobby.

Casey was suspected, by some, of involvement with the controversial Iran-Contra affair, in which Reagan administration personnel secretly traded arms to the Islamic Republic of Iran, and secretly diverted some of the resulting income to aid the rebel Contras in Nicaragua, in violation of U.S. law. Casey was called to testify before Congress about his knowledge of the affair. On 15 December 1986, one day before Casey was scheduled to testify before Congress, Casey suffered two seizures and was hospitalized. Three days later, Casey underwent surgery for a previously undiagnosed brain tumor.[1][2][3][4][8][38] While hospitalized, Casey died less than 24 hours after former colleague Richard Secord testified that Casey supported the illegal aiding of the Contras.[1][2][3][38]

In his November 1987 book, Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981–1987, Washington Post reporter and biographer Bob Woodward, who had interviewed Casey on a number of occasions for the biography, said that he had gained entry into Casey's hospital room for a final, four-minute encounter—a claim which was met with disbelief in many quarters as well as an adamant denial from Casey's wife, Sofia. According to Woodward, when Casey was asked if he knew about the diversion of funds to the Nicaraguan Contras, "His head jerked up hard. He stared, and finally nodded yes."[39]

In his final report (submitted in August 1993), Independent Counsel Lawrence E. Walsh indicated evidence of Casey's involvement:

There is evidence that Casey played a role as a Cabinet-level advocate both in setting up the covert network to resupply the contras during the Boland funding cut-off, and in promoting the secret arms sales to Iran in 1985 and 1986. In both instances, Casey was acting in furtherance of broad policies established by President Reagan.

There is evidence that Casey, working with two national security advisers to President Reagan during the period 1984 through 1986—Robert C. McFarlane and Vice Admiral John M. Poindexter—approved having these operations conducted out of the National Security Council staff with Lt. Col. Oliver L. North as the action officer, assisted by retired Air Force Maj. Gen. Richard V. Secord. And although Casey tried to insulate himself and the CIA from any illegal activities relating to the two secret operations ... there is evidence that he was involved in at least some of those activities and may have attempted to keep them concealed from Congress.[4]

However, Walsh also wrote: "Independent Counsel obtained no documentary evidence showing Casey knew about or approved the diversion. The only direct testimony linking Casey to early knowledge of the diversion came from [Oliver] North."[4] Posthumously, the House October Surprise Task Force eventually exonerated Casey after first holding hearings to establish a need for investigation,[40] the outcome of the investigation,[41] the response of Casey's family to the task force's closure of the investigation,[42] and Walsh's final Independent Counsel report.[43]

Personal life

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Casey was a member of the Knights of Malta.[44] He also attendet the secretive Le Cercle meetings.[45]

In 1948, he purchased Locust Knoll, an 8.2 acres (3.3 ha) North Shore estate centered around a main 1854 Jacobethan house in Roslyn Harbor, New York, for $50,000. After renaming the estate Mayknoll, it remained his principal residence until his death.[46][47]

His daughter Bernadette was married to Casey's business partner, the late Owen Smith. Smith was the chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Institute of World Politics and a professor at Long Island University.[48]

Death

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Casey died of a brain tumor on May 6, 1987, at the age of 74. His Requiem Mass was said by Fr. Daniel Fagan, then pastor of St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church in Roslyn, New York, and his funeral was led by Bishop John R. McGann, who used his pulpit to castigate Casey for his ethics and actions in Nicaragua.[49] It was attended by President Reagan and the First Lady. Casey is buried in the Cemetery of the Holy Rood in Westbury, New York.

He was survived by his wife, the former Sophia Kurz (d. 2000), and his daughter, Bernadette Casey Smith.[50]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ In May 1974, Casey was pivotal in securing a $180 million loan from Eximbank to the Soviet Union in support of both Leonid Kostandov and Armand Hammer's interests associated with fertilizer détente which involved shipping from the United States to the Soviet Union phosphate to be used for fertilizer and shipping from the Soviet Union to the United States ammonia, natural gas, which would be converted to ammonia in the United States, urea and potash all of which would be used for fertilizers. The Exembank loan to the Soviet Union included support for investment through Occidental Petroleum and its affiliates of more than $500‐million in the United States to construct, ship and expand production in Florida of phosphate rock, which is shipped as superphosphoric acid to the Soviet Union, and the construction in the Soviet Union of four large ammonia and urea fertilizer plants by TogliattiAzot at Togliatti along the Volga River and Kuibyshev and a 1,500-mile (2,400 km) Togliatti-Odessa ammonia pipeline which also is known as the Togliatti-Gorlovka-Odessa pipeline or the Togliatti-Gorlovka-Grigorievsky estuary ammonia pipeline (Russian: Аммиакопровод Тольятти-Горловка-Григорьевский лиман) and was contructed with support from the Tolyattiazot company from the plant sites at Togliatti to a new shipping port which, as of November 2024, is called Pivdennyi Port and was called Yuzhnyi in the late 1970s, at the Black Sea location of Grigoryevka near Odessa in addition to the fertilizer plants to be constructed at the Port of Odessa. Also, natural gas is shipped from the Soviet Union to the United States to be converted to fertilizer in the United States. From the time of the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979 until April 24, 1981, fertilizer détente was suspended due to the United States agricultural embargo placed on the Soviet Union.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Pace, Eric, "William Casey, Ex-C.I.A. Head, Is Dead At 74,", May 7, 1987, New York Times, retrieved February 20, 2019
  2. ^ a b c Smith, J.Y., "Former CIA Director William J. Casey Dies,", May 7, 1987, Washington Post, retrieved February 20, 2019
  3. ^ a b c Michael Kilian, "Former CIA Director William J. Casey Dies at 74,", May 7, 1987, Chicago Tribune, retrieved February 20, 2019
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Walsh, Lawrence E., Independent Counsel, "Chapter 15: William J. Casey" in Part VI: "Investigations and Cases: Officers of the Central Intelligence Agency," (page 199 et.seq.) in Vol. I: "Investigations and Prosecutions," of the Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters, August 4, 1993, Division for the Purpose of Appointing Independent Counsel, Division No. 86-6, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Distrocit of Columbia Circuit, Washington, D.C., as transcribed on the site of the Federation of American Scientists, retrieved Feb. 21, 2019
  5. ^ "William Joseph Casey | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
  6. ^ a b c d "Marquis Biographies Online".
  7. ^ a b "Basket Casey". New York Magazine. October 15, 1990 – via Google Books.
  8. ^ a b Pace, Eric (May 7, 1987). "Obituary of Mr William Casey". New York Times. Mr. Casey, after serving as chief of secret intelligence in Europe for the Office of Strategic Services in World War II,
  9. ^ "Casey (William J.) papers".
  10. ^ Wolfgang Saxon (April 20, 2007). "Steven B. Derounian, 89, Judge and Nassau Ex-Congressman, Dies". New York Times.
  11. ^ Nomination of William J. Casey: Hearings, Ninety-second Congress, first session, on the nomination of William J. Casey to be a member of the Securities and Exchange Commission. February 10 and March 9, 1971.
  12. ^ Woodward, Bob (1987). Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981-1987. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 51. ISBN 9780671601171.
  13. ^ Epstein 1996, pp. 267–276.
  14. ^ "180-Million Loan to Soviet Union Is Made by U.S." Associated Press. 22 May 1974. Archived from the original on 25 November 2024. Retrieved 25 November 2024 – via The New York Times.
  15. ^ "Phosphate". Florida Department of Environmental Protection (floridadep.gov). 25 November 2024. Archived from the original on 25 November 2024. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
  16. ^ Cristy, Matt (31 March 1997). "Phosphate treasure draws little interest". Jacksonville Business Journal. Jacksonville, Florida. Archived from the original on 7 November 2002. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
  17. ^ "Самый-самый порт Пивденный: от Хаммера до наших дней" [The most-most port of Pivdenny: from Hammer to the present day]. "Юкрейниан Шиппинг Мегазин" (USM) website (in Russian). 11 June 2021. Archived from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
  18. ^ "Aerial view of the Port of Pivdenny". USM.media. 11 June 2021. Archived from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2024. This picture is from the article Самый-самый порт Пивденный: от Хаммера до наших дней (The most-most port of Pivdenny: from Hammer to the present day) in the Ukrainian Shipping Magazine (USM).
  19. ^ Мячина, Анна (Myachina, Anna) (17 October 2015). "10 интересных фактов о порте "Южный"" [10 interesting facts about the port "Yuzhny"]. Одесская жизнь (odessa1.com) (in Russian). Archived from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ "Hammer Exhibit Opens at Odessa Fine Art Museum". Los Angeles Times. 3 September 1986. Archived from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
  21. ^ Smith, Hedrick (29 June 1974). "Occidental Signs Deal With Soviet". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 25 November 2024. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
  22. ^ "The Riddle of Armand Hammer". The New York Times. 29 November 1981. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 25 November 2024. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
  23. ^ Rich, Spencer (4 October 1979). "Soviets Dumping Ammonia, ITC Says". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 14 October 2024. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
  24. ^ "About Odessa Port Plant". PSC Odessa Port Plant (www.opz.odessa.net). May 2016. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
  25. ^ "Ammonia transshipment". PSC Odessa Port Plant (www.opz.odessa.net). May 2016. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
  26. ^ "АО «ТОАЗ»: История" [TOAZ: History]. АО «ТОАЗ» (www.toaz.ru) (in Russian). November 2024. Archived from the original on 25 November 2024. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
  27. ^ Сажина, Римма (Sazhina, Rimma) (29 September 2008). "В Тольятти продолжают дело Арманда Хаммера" [In Togliatti, the work of Armand Hammer continues]. Российская газета (rg.ru) (in Russian). Archived from the original on 25 November 2024. Retrieved 25 November 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ Woodward, Bob (1987). Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981-1987. New York NY: Simon & Schuster. p. 170. ISBN 0-671-60117-2.
  29. ^ Walte, Juan (August 28, 1981). "William Casey was a busy New York lawyer before..." United Press International. Retrieved May 4, 2024.
  30. ^ Pace, Eric (May 7, 1987). "William Casey, Ex-C.I.A. Head, Is Dead At 74". The New York Times.
  31. ^ "New book pins 'debategate' on Dem". Politico. Retrieved 2017-06-25.
  32. ^ Eizenstat, Stuart (May 20, 2024). "How Jimmy Carter Changed American Foreign Policy". Foreign Affairs.
  33. ^ Baker, Peter (March 18, 2023). "A Four-Decade Secret: One Man's Story of Sabotaging Carter's Re-election". The New York Times. Retrieved March 29, 2023.
  34. ^ Nomination of William J. Casey: Hearing Before the Select Committee on Intelligence, of the United States Senate, Ninety-seventh Congress, First Session, on Nomination of William J. Casey, to be Director of Central Intelligence, Tuesday, January 13, 1981, Volume 4.
  35. ^ Burn Before Reading, Stansfield Turner, Hyperion, 2005, first page of chapter on Ronald Reagan
  36. ^ Coll, Steve (2004). Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001. Penguin Group. pp. 92, 95. ISBN 9781594200076.
  37. ^ Officials say pope, Reagan shared Cold War data, but lacked alliance, Catholic News Service, Nov-17-2004
  38. ^ a b McCullough, James "Coping With Iran-Contra" in Personal Reflections on Bill Casey's Last Month at CIA, Central Intelligence Agency, retrieved February 20, 2019
  39. ^ "Did A Dead Man Tell No Tales?" by Richard Zoglin, Time, October 12, 1987
  40. ^ Terry Sanford, Chair, Sen. Foreign Relations Subcmte, Jim Jeffords, COL Charles W. Scott, Barry M. Rosen, Chuck Robb, Mitch McConnell, Paul Sarbanes (November 21, 1991). October Surprise Investigation (video). C-SPAN.
  41. ^ Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding of American Hostages by Iran in 1980 (January 3, 1993). Joint report of the Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding of American Hostages by Iran in 1980 ("October Surprise Task Force"). Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. p. 244. hdl:2027/mdp.39015060776773. OCLC 27492534. H. Rept. No. 102-1102.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  42. ^ Bernadette Casey Smith, Sophia Kurz Casey, Larry Casey (January 13, 1993). October Surprise Task Force Report Response (video). Washington, DC: C-SPAN.
  43. ^ Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993
  44. ^ Phelan, Matthew (2011-02-28) Seymour Hersh and the men who want him committed Archived 2011-03-02 at the Wayback Machine, Salon.com
  45. ^ "Aitken dropped by the Right's secret club | The Independent". The Independent. 2019-12-06. Archived from the original on 2011-05-13. Retrieved 2024-12-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  46. ^ "Take a 360 tour of a former CIA director's Long Island mansion". New York Real Estate News. 28 October 2018.
  47. ^ "Mayknoll (Locust Knoll) | Profiles". Roslyn Landmark Society.
  48. ^ Lenczowski, John (April 18, 2023). "Owen T. Smith – RIP".
  49. ^ "Bishops Attacks U.S. policy at Casey's Funeral". Chicago Tribune. May 10, 1987.
  50. ^ "On October 5, 2000, of Roslyn Harbor. Beloved wife of the late William J. Casey, former Director of Central Intelligence. Loving mother of Bernadette Casey Smith". The New York Times. October 9, 2000.
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Government offices
Preceded by Chair of the Securities and Exchange Commission
1971–1973 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Director of Central Intelligence
1981–1987 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by Under Secretary of State for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment
1973–1974 		Succeeded by
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